The Legacy of the U.S. Army 75th Ranger Regiment
The 75th Ranger Regiment is an elite light infantry special operations force within the United States Army. It is renowned for its expertise in direct action, airfield seizure, airborne and air assault operations, and reconnaissance. In this article, we will delve deeper into the rich history of the 75th Ranger Regiment, from its origins in World War II to its current mission today, shedding light on the requirements, sacrifices, and valor of the Rangers who have served in this prestigious unit. We will also explore the Ranger Creed, a statement of values that embodies the spirit and ethos of the Rangers.
World War II: The Birth of the Ranger Battalions
The 75th Ranger Regiment’s origins can be traced back to World War II, when the first Ranger battalions were formed in 1942 under the command of Major William O. Darby. The 1st, 3rd, and 4th Ranger Battalions, which consisted of highly trained volunteers, played a crucial role in the Allied campaigns in North Africa, Italy, and France. The Rangers became known for their daring nighttime raids, particularly during the Tunisian Campaign, where they successfully assaulted heavily fortified Axis positions.
The 2nd and 5th Ranger Battalions were activated in 1943, with the 2nd Battalion distinguishing itself during the D-Day landings at Omaha Beach. The Rangers were tasked with scaling the cliffs at Pointe du Hoc, neutralizing enemy artillery, and securing a strategic position on the high ground. Despite heavy losses, the Rangers displayed extraordinary courage and determination, securing Pointe du Hoc and contributing to the invasion’s success.
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The Rangers faced significant challenges and losses during World War II. One tragic example was the 1st Ranger Battalion, which suffered a devastating defeat during the Battle of Cisterna in Italy in 1944. Tasked with infiltrating behind enemy lines to disrupt German communications and logistics, German forces unexpectedly discovered the Rangers. Outnumbered and surrounded, the Rangers fought fiercely but were ultimately overwhelmed, with many killed or captured. Only six of the 767 Rangers who participated in the operation returned to friendly lines. The event led to the temporary disbandment of the 1st Ranger Battalion.
Merrill’s Marauders: Behind Enemy Lines in Burma
In 1943, another unit known as Merrill’s Marauders was formed, named after their commander, Brigadier General Frank D. Merrill. The Marauders were a long-range penetration unit specializing in jungle warfare, tasked with conducting operations behind enemy lines in the China-Burma-India theater. Their mission was to disrupt Japanese supply lines and communication networks and gather intelligence on enemy movements. This elite group comprised around 3,000 volunteers carefully selected and trained in various skills, including demolition, communications, and first aid.
The Marauders’ most famous operation, capturing the critical Myitkyina airfield in Burma, involved a grueling 750-mile trek through dense jungles and challenging terrain. The journey was fraught with danger, as the Marauders faced not only Japanese forces but also the perils of disease, malnutrition, and treacherous weather conditions. As they pushed forward, they relied on their training, determination, and the support of native Kachin scouts to navigate the hostile environment.
Throughout their arduous campaign, the Marauders fought numerous battles with Japanese forces, often facing superior numbers and entrenched positions. Despite these challenges, the Marauders consistently demonstrated exceptional combat prowess and tenacity, earning a reputation as a formidable fighting force. Their efforts culminated in the capture of Myitkyina airfield in August 1944, significantly disrupting Japanese operations in the region and facilitating the subsequent Allied offensive in Burma.
Korean War and Vietnam War: Rangers in Conflict
During the Korean War, the U.S. Army again called upon the Rangers, activating the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Ranger Infantry Companies. These companies were composed of volunteers, and many experienced World War II veterans. In this conflict, the Rangers were utilized as reconnaissance and raiding forces, with a particular emphasis on behind-the-lines operations and intelligence gathering.
One significant engagement in which the Rangers were involved was the Battle of the Ch’ongch’on River in November and December 1950. The battle was a significant offensive by Chinese forces against the United Nations Command, including the U.S. Army and the Republic of Korea (ROK) Army. The Chinese People’s Volunteer Army (PVA) launched a massive surprise attack to push U.N. forces back from the Yalu River and secure the strategically important Ch’ongch’on River line.
The Rangers played a crucial role in defending against the Chinese offensive. The 2nd Ranger Infantry Company was attached to the 2nd Infantry Division and participated in defending the town of Kunu-ri, a critical junction on the main supply route for U.N. forces. The Rangers conducted reconnaissance missions, identifying enemy positions and gathering valuable intelligence on PVA movements. This information was vital in helping U.N. commanders make informed decisions about the deployment of their forces and the planning of counterattacks.
The Rangers often conducted raids and ambushes against Chinese forces as the battle unfolded. Their expert marksmanship, stealth, and knowledge of the terrain allowed them to inflict considerable damage on enemy units while minimizing their casualties. Despite being vastly outnumbered, the Rangers’ actions helped to slow the Chinese advance and buy time for the main U.N. force to conduct a fighting withdrawal to more defensible positions.
Grenada: The Rangers on the Caribbean Front
In 1983, the 1st and 2nd Ranger Battalions were deployed to Grenada as part of Operation Urgent Fury. The Rangers conducted airfield seizures and participated in the rescue of American medical students held hostage by the island’s Marxist government. The operation showcased the Rangers’ proficiency in rapid deployment and direct action operations, and their actions in Grenada helped to restore democracy and stability to the island nation.
Formation of the 75th Ranger Regiment: A New Era
In 1984, the 75th Ranger Regiment was officially established, combining the existing Ranger battalions and laying the groundwork for a new era of elite special operations forces. The newly formed Regiment was designed to be a highly mobile, rapidly deployable force capable of executing various missions. The establishment of the 75th Ranger Regiment marked a significant shift in the United States military’s approach to special operations, with the Rangers becoming a critical component of the nation’s strategic capabilities.
Colonel Wayne A. Downing was appointed the first commander of the 75th Ranger Regiment, leading the unit through its initial years and setting the standard for excellence and professionalism that has defined the Rangers.
President Ronald Reagan strongly supported the Rangers and their mission, recognizing the importance of having an elite, highly trained, and rapidly deployable force within the United States Army. Throughout his presidency, he made several comments praising the Rangers for their dedication, skill, and courage. In one of his speeches, President Reagan said, “The Rangers are special. They lead the way. They are the soul of the American fighting man. They are the best our nation has to offer.”
President Reagan’s support for the Rangers was instrumental in establishing and developing the 75th Ranger Regiment. His recognition of the importance of special operations and the Rangers’ unique capabilities helped to ensure that they would continue to be a vital component of the United States military’s strategic capabilities.
Panama, Desert Storm, and Beyond Rangers in Action
The 75th Ranger Regiment played a pivotal role in Operation Just Cause, the 1989 invasion of Panama, conducting airfield seizures, urban combat operations, and the apprehension of Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega. Their actions in Panama demonstrated the value of the Rangers as a rapid response force, capable of striking with speed and precision when called upon.
The Regiment also participated in Operation Desert Storm in 1991, performing reconnaissance and surveillance missions in Iraq. In the following years, the Rangers were called upon for various peacekeeping and humanitarian missions, including Somalia, Bosnia, and Kosovo operations.
In the wake of the September 11 attacks, the 75th Ranger Regiment was heavily involved in the Global War on Terror, executing high-risk missions in Afghanistan and Iraq as part of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. The Rangers have continued to serve in various capacities in the ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, adapting to the ever-evolving nature of modern warfare and remaining at the forefront of the United States military’s efforts to combat terrorism.
Becoming a Ranger: Requirements and Sacrifices
To become a member of the 75th Ranger Regiment, candidates must first complete rigorous Basic Combat Training and Advanced Individual Training. Next, they must complete the Ranger Assessment and Selection Program (RASP), an intense eight-week course designed to test a candidate’s physical, mental, and emotional fortitude. Finally, Rangers must complete the U.S. Army Ranger School, a grueling 62-day leadership course that further hones their tactics, leadership, and survival skills.
The path to becoming a Ranger is fraught with challenges and sacrifices, with many candidates enduring countless hours of physical training, sleep deprivation, and mental strain. The rigorous selection process and demanding training regimen ensure that only the most dedicated and capable individuals join the ranks of the 75th Ranger Regiment.
The Ranger Creed: A Commitment to Excellence
The Ranger Creed is a statement of values that embodies the spirit and ethos of the Rangers. It guides their actions, both on and off the battlefield, and reflects their commitment to excellence, duty, and honor. The Creed, authored by CSM Neal R. Gentry, consists of six stanzas, each emphasizing a different aspect of the Ranger identity:
Recognizing that I volunteered as a Ranger, fully knowing the hazards of my chosen profession, I will always endeavor to uphold the Rangers’ prestige, honor, and high esprit de corps.
Acknowledging the fact that a Ranger is a more elite soldier who arrives at the cutting edge of battle by land, sea, or air, I accept the fact that as a Ranger my country expects me to move further, faster, and fight harder than any other soldier.
Never shall I fail my comrades. I will always keep myself mentally alert, physically strong, and morally straight, and I will shoulder more than my share of the task, whatever it may be, one hundred percent and then some.
Gallantly will I show the world that I am a specially selected and well-trained soldier. My courtesy to superior officers, neatness of dress, and care of equipment shall set the example for others to follow.
Energetically will I meet the enemies of my country. I shall defeat them on the field of battle, for I am better trained and will fight with all my might. Surrender is not a Ranger word. I will never leave a fallen comrade to fall into the hands of the enemy, and under no circumstances will I ever embarrass my country.
Readily will I display the intestinal fortitude required to fight on to the Ranger objective and complete the mission, though I be the lone survivor.
The Ranger Creed is a constant reminder to the Rangers of their commitment to their profession, fellow soldiers, and country. By adhering to the principles outlined in the Creed, the Rangers maintain their reputation as an elite fighting force, distinguished by their unwavering dedication, discipline, and courage.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the 75th Ranger Regiment’s storied history, from its origins during World War II to its modern-day operations, is a testament to its members’ courage, adaptability, and determination. With a legacy that includes the likes of the World War II Ranger battalions, Merrill’s Marauders, and their involvement in conflicts such as the Korean War, Vietnam War, and the Global War on Terrorism, the Rangers continue to play a vital role in safeguarding American interests and upholding the principles of freedom and democracy around the world. As the embodiment of the Ranger Creed, they stand as a proud symbol of the best the United States military offers.
Recommended Reading:
“Sua Sponte: The Forging of a Modern American Ranger” by Dick Couch
This book delves into the demanding training and selection process of the contemporary 75th Ranger Regiment. Couch delivers a comprehensive account of the Regiment’s evolution, emphasizing its involvement in recent conflicts and showcasing the perseverance and professionalism of its members.
Amazon link https://www.amazon.com/Sua-Sponte-Forging-American-Ranger/dp/0425253608
“Rangers at Dieppe: The First Combat Action of U.S. Army Rangers in World War II” by Jim DeFelice
DeFelice’s work highlights the pivotal role of the Rangers in their debut combat action during World War II, the Dieppe Raid. The book provides an extensive overview of the daring mission, scrutinizing the strategic choices behind the raid and the Rangers’ participation in this challenging operation.
Amazon link https://www.amazon.com/Rangers-Dieppe-First-Combat-Action/dp/0425243735
“The Ranger Way: Living the Code On and Off the Battlefield” by Kris Paronto
In this book, former U.S. Army Ranger Kris Paronto imparts lessons gleaned from his experiences as a member of the 75th Ranger Regiment. The book delves into the principles and values of the Ranger Creed and explores how they can be applied to daily life.
Amazon link https://www.amazon.com/Ranger-Way-Living-Code-Battlefield/dp/1478948183
“Rangers in World War II” by Robert W. Black
This book recounts the history of the six Ranger battalions during World War II, thoroughly examining the various missions and campaigns in which they participated. Black’s work pays tribute to the courage and dedication of the Rangers and offers valuable insights into their strategic and tactical contributions to the Allied war effort.
Amazon link https://www.amazon.com/Rangers-World-War-II-Robert/dp/0345451605
“75th Rangers” by Mike Ryan
“75th Rangers” offers an in-depth look at the history, missions, and organization of the 75th Ranger Regiment, from its roots in World War II to its present-day operations. Ryan’s book is a valuable resource for those interested in understanding the evolution of the Rangers and their ongoing role in modern warfare.
Amazon link https://www.amazon.com/75th-Rangers-Mike-Ryan/dp/1853674739
Sources for the Article:
U.S. Army Ranger Association: History of the Rangers
https://ranger.org/page-1588630
75th Ranger Regiment – U.S. Army Special Operations Command
https://www.soc.mil/Rangers/75th_Ranger_Regiment.html
U.S. Army Rangers: History and Overview
https://www.army.mil/ranger/
National WWII Museum: Merrill’s Marauders
https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/merrills-marauders
The Battle of the Ch’ongch’on River: Korea, 1950
https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/May-June-2018/DATA/Dr-Clifford-Rogers/
The Army Historical Foundation: Ranger Creed
https://armyhistory.org/ranger-creed/